Business Environment in Canada Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In Canada and must also meet certain experience. For investors who seek to expand their businesses to Canada, they must be experienced in business, they should at least have a minimum of c$1,600,000 net which must have been obtained genuinely, and they should also manage to make an c$800,000 investment (CIC 2010). Nevertheless, business is considered the main backbone of any country and so, being cautious when it comes to foreign investors is very important. In Canada, the main spoken languages are English and French, both of which are national languages. Canada is mainly associated with polite and tolerant people. Generally, the main form of greeting in Canada is by a form of a firm handshake which is inclusive of a smile and a direct eye contact (Gorrill, 2009); however, other forms of greetings may involve a light kiss on the left and right cheek. While invited by somebody for dinner, it is always a good gesture to carry a gift, which may include wine, flowers or chocolates. In the business etiquette, Canadians practice politeness at all times and they expect that others will adhere to politeness as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment in Canada or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Non-verbal expressions are mainly used to an emphasis on a message. The Canadians also prefer some distance while communicating with someone. In addition, in Canada, it seems awkward to discuss personal lives with business associates. In the case of business meetings, timekeeping is essential, since Canadians value meetings, and delays are not an excuse. However, meeting appointments are confirmed earlier to avoid any disappointments.

The Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx - 1678 Words

The Communist Manifesto composed by Karl Marx in 1848 is noted as a standout amongst the most powerful political archives on the planet. The distribution of the book earned Marx the notoriety of a conspicuous humanist and political scholar. Regardless of his eminence, there are numerous discussions concerning the thoughts and ideas of socialism figured in the papers that are still heatedly faced off regarding even today. Marx (1998) opened the book with, The historical backdrop of all up to this point existing society is the historical backdrop of class battles. (p.4). He investigated the class contrasts and social imbalance between the Proletariats and Bourgeoisies, two terms he instituted to speak to social classes that don t possess the method for creation and social classes. Since The Communist Manifesto was delivered in a period of incredible social trouble, Marx s craving was to take out the crevice between the two classes keeping in mind the end goal to enhance the social, pol itical, and monetary states of the Proletarians. To accomplish uniformity, Marx urged the Proletarians to scheme against the Bourgeoisies to end the abuse of lower social classes and set up a revolutionary society where class qualification is a jump of creative energy. Nonetheless, his optimal required changes that a general public can t effectively adjust to and don t at last give uniformity. Marx s speculations were set up upon just class stratification and disregarded the numerousShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1044 Words   |  5 Pagesworld was forever changed when Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto, the ideas of a stateless and classless society would inspire many, and forge the path that many nations would follow, and give rise to numerous conflicts throughout the 20th century. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany on May 5th 1818. During his early years he studied philosophy and law, in 1834 Marx had moved to Paris and had adopted a radical view of socialism known as communism. Marx met and became friends with aRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, has become one of the world s most significant pieces of political propaganda written to this date. The main contributor to the book was Karl Marx. Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in Western Germany. When he turned seventeen he enrolled at the University of Bonn to study law. Due to his social misbehavior, his father had him transferred to the University of Berlin, which had a stricter regime. During this time at college, heRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1185 Words   |  5 PagesIn their work called The Communist Manifesto, which was created in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are exploring their ideas and thoughts on the situation that was taking place in their time : the distinction that was more and more visible between two social classes - proletariat and bourgeoisie. The two authors are explaining how the bourgeoisie is exploiting the working class. They are encouraging the oppressed workers to rise and to confront this injustice in order to make their life betterRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rich and the o ppressed would battle the oppressor. During the time â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† was written, we can see two distinct classes battling out as well. These two classes are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Karl Marx in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†, the battle will end â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx 8). Marx argues that in the end the proletariat would remain because the bourgeoisie areRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1112 Words   |  5 PagesFail- Past, Present, and Future Karl Marx was born in Prussia in 1818. Later in his life he became a newspaper editor and his writings ended up getting him expelled by the Prussian authorities for its radicalism and atheism (Perry 195). He then met Fredrich Engels and together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848, for the Communist League. This piece of writing basically laid out Marx’s theory of history in short form (Coffin 623). The Communist Manifesto is mainly revolved around how societyRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is undoubtedly one the the most influential and controversial writers in modern history; Robert Tucker, a noted political scientist at Princeton University, once asserted, â€Å"[Marx] profoundly affected ideas about history, society, economics, ideology, culture, and politics [and] about the nature of social inquiry itself. No other intellectual influence has so powerfully shaped the mind of modern left-wing radicalism in most parts of the world.† (9). Indeed, his innumerable works, in particularRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is undoubtedly one the most influential and controversial writers in modern history; Robert Tucker, a noted political scientist at Princeton University, once asserted, â€Å"[Marx] profoundly affected ideas about history, society, economics, ideology, culture, and politics [and] about the nature of social inquiry itself. No other intellectual influence has so powerfully shaped the mind of modern left-wing radicalism in most parts of the world.† (9). Indeed, his innumerable works, in particularRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Communist Manifesto, a document that first proclaimed the ideology of communism itself, Marx declared that the â€Å"history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels). As a m an who spurred resentment of governments and inspired revolutionaries, Karl Marx is often regarded as a man who led to the rise of 20th century tyrannical dictators such as Stalin and Mao to take power. His ideas are regarded as failures and, by some, are seen asRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto993 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx published The Communist Manifesto in 1848, and with it a public warning to capitalists that the entire economic, social and political systems would soon crumble. His prediction continues by stating where society was headed as a result of bourgeoisie economics: a revolution by the workers and the eventual ushering in of socialism. Soon after Marx publicized the reasons communism would come to conquer capitalism, riots, strikes and general unrest surfaced in France – just as he predictedRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx (1818-1883), in collaboration with his benefactor and friend, Fri edrich Engels (1820-1895), founded the Marxist Theory. Both men were philosophers, however were referred to as revolutionaries. ‘The Communist Manifesto’, was written collaboratively by both Marx and Engels, as they explored the argument that â€Å"history and progress can be seen dialectically as societies shift from one mode of production to another†. This will be argued through a contextual account of Marxism, its development

Taxation Law and Practice Finance Taxable Purposes

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law and Practice for Finance Taxable Purposes. Answer: Overview This entire assignment speaks about Australian taxation laws. By giving example of a company who deals in funeral services and ancillary activities, aspects of their transactions and their method of taxation are put into context. By referring to the Arthur Murray case, question has been raised as to what method is to be followed to assess income derived. Two methods have been discussed according to Income Tax Assessment Act, 1976. They are based on terms of when cash is received and when there is occurrence of a debt. The time for assessment is found necessary to determine as to when income should be considered for taxable purposes. Here it is also shown that how the company is paying cash dividend and its treatment of tax, rental storage space taken on lease and the treatment for tax for long service leave account. Tax treatment has also been shown for the various kinds of expenditures made by the company. Part A. Arthur Murray (NSW) PTY LTD V FC OF T (1965) 114 CLR 314 Facts The taxpayer in this case, Arthur Murray ran a business of teaching dance. He used to take fees first and then used to provide lessons. He used to give discounts to his students so they would be attracted to come to him. The tuition fees which he used to get in advance used to be entered in a suspense account as a subheading unearned deposits- untaught lessons account. When he used to finish giving the tuitions, Arthur used transfer a sum of money from the suspense account to the revenue account which matched to the actual fees for the dancing lessons provided. It was usually distinctly agreed between Arthur and his students advance tuition money would not be subject to return. However Arthur used to return the money for lessons not provided. Arthur never used to mention advance tuition money as income derived until the time he had given the actual tuition. This practise was followed though he used to get advance tuition money ("Australian Taxation Study Manual", 2016). When calculat ing his earnings, Arthur used to take into consideration only that money that was taxable and related to the dance classes in those particular years. Contention/Rebuttal The Commissioner of Income Tax came into the conclusion that the teacher used to get his earnings on a receipt basis which basically means that his tax would be calculate on the date he gets the money though he had provided lessons or not. So he decided to categorize his advance tuition money under his taxable income according to s 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth ("INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997", 2016)). Issues The question that was discussed in the case was that whether Arthur calculated and declared his advance tuition money in the year he had actually given the tuition or the year when he had actually received the tuition money. Verdict Three judges presided the hearing of the present case held in the High Court. They were Chief justice Barwick, Justice Taylor and Justice Kitto. They derived that: The teacher had depicted the tuition fees to be received in the year when he had given it and not on the year he had actually got the fees. General norms suggest that an income of a person cannot be related to money given earlier to the service for which it is paid. Accounting and commercial norms do not support in case of a trade involving buying and selling of goods and services, money paid in advance. Such transaction cannot be termed as income. The judges completely agreed to this point and did not find any points to disagree. Though it was expressly agree between Arthur and his students that the advance tuition money would not be given back, he used to give back money for which lessons were not provided. Hence it was not possible for Arthur to treat that revenue as income since he might have returned that money as refund. So question arose in that scenario where the receipt is registered without actual money is entered as income. It was held that one could not be taxed or charged just because he/she receives earlier than the service or goods provided. The earning or revenue will remain as proper income even if the mode of receiving the money is different. No legal obstacles can be imposed on the receiver because he/she wishes to operate it at their own free will. However it is the duty of the receiver of the money which not actually earned to be kept for situations when the money could be have to be returned if the situation of money for value is not satisfied. The revenue pattern holds a characteristic w here money might be returned. The judges felt that the present scenario is quite different and they acknowledge the facts but it could also be possible that the money received had the characteristic of assessable tax money of the taxpayer. i) When income is derived? According to section 6 sub section 5 of Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997, taxpayers must take into consideration the regular earnings received across the year of earning while assessing income for year of income. According to Brent v FC of T 71 ATC 4195, tax laws have not defined the term derived. They do not have any process as general method to discover the total earnings received by the taxpaying person. Since there is no definite law income derivation is found by applying day to day commercial norms (Tiley, 2004). There are two business accepted ways that helps in finding income: Cash Basis: Also known as the receipts basis, under this method income is determined when one gets cash or something that can be converted to cash is received. According to Section 6 Subsection 5 part 4 of the ITAA Act 1997, in determining whether the person paying tax has received regular money, it is considered that the person received the income as soon as he applied for it. This rule will function when person owing money to the taxpayer directly gives the money to the person to whom the taxpayer owes money. Accruals basis: Also known as the earnings basis income is determined when the taxpayer actually earns it. This occurs when debt comes into picture. This situation takes place when services are given or necessary goods are provided, and an invoice has been given by the taxpayer to the buyer. Here the customer might not pay for the goods or services. While analysing the incomes from the funeral services and associated activities it can be asserted that all those fees which are yet to be received by the company, e.g. fees yet to be paid under the net, 30 days invoice and the fees to be derived from the contracts of external insurance for which invoices under the net, 30 days are issued are income according to earnings basis. They are those services whose payments will only be received when the services are going to be provided. Income under the receipts basis is the money received from RIP Finance Pty Ltd providing advance money. Also the money which is given by the customers periodically for future funeral purposes come under the receipts scheme. When the money is paid then only arrangements for funeral is made. Relation of the Arthur Murray case with the present case In the Arthur Murray case, the dance teacher used to take money in advance from the students and provide services post payment. However he would return the payments if he could not provide the lessons. There was a contingency for the refund of money. Otherwise his income could be treated under the receipts basis. Similarly in this case Easy Funeral Plan was a plan where money was provided in advance by the clients for future funerals. Services were only provided when the money got paid. However unlike the other case no money was returned or remitted. Hence income can be assessed for tax purpose on the date when contributions were made. Tax payers role in method of accounting for tax Section 6-5 subsection 2 and 3 of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 says that taxpayers have to put their total income under the ambit of income which is assessable for tax purposes. There are no hard guidelines for taxpayers of the method of keeping accounts. It is the choice of taxpayer to choose the method of accounting which would help in the proper portrayal of his income for that particular year. The methods are on the basis of receipts or earnings. In terms of cash basis, time for assessing income is when money is received though service or goods are not provided. In case of earnings basis, income is actually considered when service or goods is provided and money is due for payment. Forfeited Accounts Payment Treatment By showing the money transferred from Easy Funeral Plan to Forfeited Payments Account tax assessibility cannot be avoided because the company used to collect money before providing services. In this case the defaulting payers were not provided services. So not getting money for services not provided did not create any transaction. The income received from the plan would still be assessed under receipts basis since money was received before providing of service. Part B:- Nature of trading stock and tax treatment for that:- As per the section 70-10 of the income tax assessment act 1997, the stock in the nature of trading can be explained as any substance produced or acquired or manufactured which is held for the intention of construct, sale or exchange in the general course of business. Therefore, an item can only be trading stock if it is capable of sale as part of a trade, or if it goods, property or services in the process of production but not yet completed. RIP Pty Ltd. is a private limited company which is holding a collection of three types of caskets along with a variety of accessories for trading purpose. So these stocks kept by the company should be taken into considerations tor the purpose of computation of tax. Now the company will get a delivery of supplies for which it has already made a payment of $25000 in June 2016 but the good will be received by the company on August 2016. The concerned company can classify their methods of earnings under two heads:-receipt method as well as earnings method. Receipt method is a technique in which the earnings is detected when it is arriving not when it is accrued as per the section 6-5(4) of ITAA 1997. It is also termed as cash received basis. On the other hand, Earning method is a technique in which profits is derived as soon as it is earned. It is also termed as accrual method. As per the situation stated above, the company that is ROP Pty Ltd is prepaying the money on June 2016 whose original date of payment is August 2016. For the taxation purpose of small business enterprise as well as non business enterprise especially in the case of prepaid payments then for that particular situation then the payments will be deductable when the service period exceeds a time gap of 12 months. A prepaid expenditure is the expenses that are to be incurred under a contract for something to be done in the next accounting year. If the expenditure is incurred for something that was to be done in full withinthisincome year, that is, 1July 2016 to 30June 2017, it is not a prepaid expense and the prepayment rules do not apply (Ato, 2016). Thus, for $25000 no treatment for tax is to be made because the prepaid expenses is incurred in June 2016 but the goods are to be received by the company within the same accounting year. Adjustment with regards to items (ii), (iii), (iv) for taxation purpose:- Dividends are received by the shareholders when paid. Any kind of cash dividend that the resident shareholders of Australia receive forms a part of the taxable earnings from Australia. The dividend which is paid in cash may fully or partially be franked according to the Australian Dividend computation method. Franked Dividend is the kind of dividend in Australia which abolishes the method of dual taxation of dividend. Any kind of franking credits involved with dividends naturally creates an element of taxable earnings in Australia. On the other hand, the individual is allowed to get a refund of tax based in the franking credits involved to dividends. If the taxable earnings of the individual is too small to make the individual accountable to pay tax or overall tax burden falls below the franking credits then the individual will be permitted to obtain reimbursement from the taxation organization of Australia over and above the franking credits. Any Company of Australia is not entitled to receive any compensation but can carry forward the tax laws for utilizing it against future earnings (Nab.com.au, 2016). If the company owns a rental property from where it receives earnings then it can demand for any expenses related with the income. The expenditure related to the owning and functioning rental property should be deductable to tax. There are few examples of rental property expenses for which we can claim tax return such as legal expenses, lease costs (registration, stamp duty) repairs and maintenance etc (Etax.com.au. 2016). The payment for yearly, sick and LSL will not be deductable unless it is compensated. In this case the managing director of the company has commenced three months long service leave for which the company has paid him in advance and the amount is $22000. Thus the amount of $22000 is being deductable under the taxable provision. Deductions available for expenditure in item (v) On-site car parking:- Cost specifically excludes ~ costs that are not of a capital nature: s40à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 220; ~ costs that are deductible elsewhere: s40à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 215 Particulars Amount to be deducted Amount to be taxable Amount to be deductable $57466 Nil Taxable amount ($125000-$57466) $67534 Depreciating asset:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Asset that has a limited effective life; and is reasonably expected to decline in value over the period of use. But it excludes: Land and trading stock Intangibles (generally) The taxable income for the year 2015-16:- Particulars Amount Amount Franked cash dividend $21000 Rental storage space $47500 Long service leave account $22000 Onsite car parking $40000 Land Nil Preliminary architecture design $250000 Total 380500 Reference:- Australian Taxation Study Manual. (2016). Google Books. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://books.google.com.au/books?id=B0eIbwlkK6gCpg=PA250lpg=PA250dq=i%09Arthur+Murray+(NSW)+PTY+LTD+V+FC+OF+T+(1965)+114+CLR+314source=blots=iEYTheL_2Fsig=X4K4JsOx5yGn4jtJ7sJlJuTZrQwhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjP8efI5__OAhVJtY8KHclkDpMQ6AEIRzAI#v=onepageq=i%09Arthur%20Murray%20(NSW)%20PTY%20LTD%20V%20FC%20OF%20T%20(1965)%20114%20CLR%20314f=false Etax.com.au. (2016). Rental Property Tax Deductions: Remember to Claim These. [online] Available at: https://www.etax.com.au/rental-property-expenses [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997. (2016). Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/ Nab.com.au. (2016). Detailed tax information about dividends (Cash Dividend, DRP, and BSP). [online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/about-us/shareholder-centre/dividend-information/detailed-tax-information-about-dividends-cash-dividend-drp-and-bsp# [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Tiley, J. (2004). Studies in the history of tax law. Oxford: Hart. Ato.gov.au. (2016).Deductions for prepaid expenses 2014-15 | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Forms/Deductions-for-prepaid-expenses-2014-15/?page=2 Ato.gov.au. (2016).Vacant land | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/Land---vacant-land-and-subdividing/Vacant-land/ [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016].

Solutions Ch Essay Example

Solutions Ch Paper The conversion factor for a bond is equal to the quoted price the bond would eave per dollar of principal on the first day of the delivery month on the assumption that the interest rate for all maturities equals 6% per annum (with semiannual compounding). The bond maturity and the times to the coupon payment dates are rounded down to the nearest three months for the purposes of the calculation. The conversion factor defines how much an investor with a short bond futures contract receives when bonds are delivered, If the conversion factor is 1. 2345 the amount investor receives is calculated by multiplying 1. 345 by the most recent futures price and adding accrued interest, Problem A Arteriolar futures price changes from 36. 76 to 9682. What is the gain or loss to an investor who is long two contracts? The Arteriolar futures price has increased by 6 basis points. The investor makes again per contract of or $300 in total. Problem 6. 5. What is the purpose Of the convexity adjustment ma de to Arteriolar futures rates? Why is the convexity adjustment necessary? Suppose that a Arteriolar futures quote is 95. 00. This gives a futures rate of 5% for the three-month period covered by the contract. The convexity adjustment is the amount by which futures rate has to be reduced to give an estimate of he forward rate for the period. The convexity adjustment is necessary because a) the futures contract is settled daily and b) the futures contract expires at the beginning of the three months. 80th of these lead to the futures rate being greater than the forward rate, problem 6,6, The 350-day LABOR rate is 3% with continuous compounding and the forward rate calculated from a Arteriolar futures contract that matures in 350 days is 3. 2% with continuous compounding. Estimate the 440-day zero rate. From equation (6. ) the rate is or 3. 0409%. Problem 6. 7. It is January 30. YOU are managing a bond portfolio worth 56 million. The duration of the portfolio in six months will be 8. 2 years. The September Treasury bond futures price is currently 108-15, and the cheapest-to-deliver bond Will have a duration of 7. 6 years in September. How should you hedge against changes in interest rates ov er the next six months? The value of a contract is The number of contracts that should be shorted is Rounding to the nearest whole number, 60 contracts should be shorted. The position should be closed out at the end of July. Problem 6. , The price of a 90-day Treasury bill is quoted as 10. 00. What continuously compounded return (on an actual/ASS basis) does an investor earn on the Treasury bill for the 90-day period? The cash price of the Treasury bill is The annulled continuously compounded return is Problem 6. 9. It is May 5, 2011. The quoted price off government bond with a 12% coupon that matures on July 27, 2014, is 110-17. What is the cash price? The number Of days between January 27, 2011 and May 5, 2011 is 98. The number of days between January 27, 201 1 and July 27, 2011 is 181. The accrued interest is therefore The quoted price is 110. 312. The cash price is therefore or $113. 78. Problem 6. 10. Suppose that the Treasury bond futures price is 101-12. Which of the followin g tour bonds is cheapest to deliver? Bond Price Conversion Factor 125-05 1 _2131 142-15 1. 3792 115-31 1. 1149 144-02 1. 4026 The cheapest-to-deliver bond is the one for which is least. Calculating this factor for each of the 4 bonds we get Bond 4 is therefore the cheapest to deliver. Problem 6,11_ It is July 30, 2013. The cheapest-Weedier bond in a September 2013 Treasury bond futures contract is a 13% coupon bond, and delivery is expected to be made on September 30, 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Ch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Ch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Ch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Coupon payments on the bond are made on February 4 and August 4 each year. The term Structure is flat, and the rate Of interest with semiannual compounding is 12% per annum. The conversion factor for the bond is IS. The current quoted bond price is $110. Calculate the quoted futures price for the contract. There are 176 days between February 4 and July 30 and 181 days between February 4 and August 4. The cash price of the bond is, therefore: The rate of interest with continuous compounding is or 11. 65% per annum. A coupon of 6. 5 will be received in 5 days years) time. The present value of the coupon is The futures contract lasts for 62 days years). The cash tortures price it the contract were written on the bond would be At delivery there are 57 days of accrued interest. The quoted futures price if the contract were written on the 13% bond would therefore be Taking the conversion factor into account the quoted futures price should be: Problem 6. 12. An investor is looking for arbitrage opportunities in the Treasury bond futures market. What complications are created by the fact that the party With a short position can choose to deliver any bond with a maturity of over 15 years? If the bond to be delivered and the time of delivery were known, arbitrage old be straightforward. When the futures price is too high, the arbitrageur buys bonds and shorts an equivalent number of bond futures contracts. When the futures price is too low, the arbitrageur shorts bonds and goes long an equivalent number of bond futures contracts. Uncertainty as to which bond will be delivered introduces complications. The bond that appears cheapest-to- deliver now may not in fact be cheapest-to-deliver at maturity. In the case where the futures price is too high, this is not a major problem since the party with the short position (i. . , the arbitrageur) determines which bond is to be delivered, In he case where the futures price is too low, the arbitrageurs position is tar more difficult since he or she does not know which bond to short; it is unlikely that a profit can be locked in for all possible outcomes. Problem 6. 13. Suppose that the nine-month LABOR interest rate is 8% per ann um and the six- month LABOR interest rate is 7 per annum (both with actual/ASS and continuous compounding). Estimate the three-month Arteriolar futures price quote for a contract maturing in six months. The forward interest rate for the time period between months 6 and g is per annum with continuous compounding. This is because 9% per annum for three months when combined With 7% per annum for six months gives an average interest rate of 8% per annum for the nine-month period. With quarterly compounding the forward interest rate is or 9. 102%. This assumes that the day count is actual/actual. With a day count of actual/360 the rate is The three-month Arteriolar quote for a contract maturing in six months is therefore Problem 6. 14. Suppose that the 300-day LABOR zero rate is and Arteriolar quotes for contracts maturing in 300, 398 and 489 days are 95. 83, 95. 62, and 95. 48 Calculate 98-day and 489-day LABOR zero rates, Assume no difference between forward and futures rates for the purposes of your calculations. The forward rates calculated form the first two Arteriolar futures are 4. 17% and 4. 38%_ These are expressed with an actual/ICC day count and quarterly compounding. With continuous compounding and an actual/365 day count they are and 4. 4167%. It follows from equation (6. 4) that the 398 day rate is (4000+4. 060x38V 398=4. 0507 or 4. 0507%. The 489 day rate is (4. 0507098+4. 4167* 188 or 4. 1188%. We are assuming that the first futures rate applies to 98 days rather than the usual 91 days. The third futures quote is not needed. Problem 6. 15. Suppose that a bond portfolio with a duration of 12 years is hedged using a futures contract in which the underlying asset has a duration of four years. What is l ikely to be the impact on the hedge of the fact that the 12-year rate is less volatile than the tour-year rate? Duration-based hedging procedures assume parallel shifts in the yield curve. Since the 12-year rate tends to move by less than the 4-year rate, the portfolio manager may find that he or she is over-hedged. Problem 6. 16. Suppose that it is February 20 and a treasurer realizes that on July 1 7 the many will have to issue $5 million of commercial paper with a maturity of 180 days If the paper were issued today, the company would realize (In other words, the company would receive $4,820,000 for its paper and have to redeem it at in 180 days time. ) The September Arteriolar futures price is quoted as 92. 00. How should the treasurer hedge the companys exposure? The company treasurer can hedge the companys exposure by shorting Arteriolar futures contracts. The Arteriolar futures position leads to a profit if rates rise and a loss if they fall. The duration Of the commercial paper is nice that of the Arteriolar deposit underlying the Arteriolar futures contract. The contract price of a Arteriolar futures contract is 980,000. The number of contracts that should be shorted is, therefore, Rounding to the nearest whole number 10 contracts should be shorted. Problem 6. 17. On August 1 a portfolio manager has a bond portfolio worth $10 million. The duration of the portfolio in October will be 7. Years, The December Treasury bond futures price is currently 91-12 and the cheapest-to-deliver bond will have a duration of 8. 8 years at maturity. How should the portfolio manager minimize he portfolio against changes in interest rates over the next two months? The treasurer should short Treasury bond futures contract. If bond prices go down, this futures position will provide offsetting gains. The number of contracts that should be shorted is Rounding to the nearest whole number 88 contracts should be shorted. Problem 6. 18. HOW can the portfolio manager change the duration Of the portfolio to 3. Years in Problem 6. 17? The answer in Problem 6. 17 is designed to reduce the duration to zero. To reduce the duration from 7. 1 to 3. 0 instead of from 7. 1 to O, the treasurer should short or 51 contracts. Problem 6. 9. Between October 30, 2012, and November l, 2012, you have a choice between owning a LIES. Government bond paying a 12% coupon and a LIES. Corporate bond paying a coupon. Consider carefully the day count conventions discussed in this chapter and decide which of the two bonds you would prefer to own. Ignore the risk of default, You would prefer to own the Treasury bond. Under the 30/360 day count convention there is one day between October 30 and November 1. Under the actual/actual (in period) day count convention, there are two days, Therefore you would earn approximately twice as much interest by holding the Treasury bond. Problem 6. 20. Suppose that a Arteriolar futures quote is 88 for a contract maturing in 60 days. What is the LABOR poniard rate for the 60- to 150-day period? Ignore the difference between futures and forwards for the purposes Of this question. The Arteriolar futures contract price Of 88 means that the Arteriolar futures rate is 12% per annum with quarterly compounding. This is the forward rate for the 60. To 150. Day period with quarterly compounding and an actual/360 day count convention. Problem 6. 21. The three-month Arteriolar futures price for a contract maturing in six years is quoted as 95. 0, The standard deviation of the change in the short-term interest rate in one year is 1. 1%. Estimate the forward LABOR interest rate tort the period between 6. 00 and 6. 25 years in the future, Using the notation of Section 6,3, , , and The convexity adjustment is or about 23 basis points. The futures rate is with quarterly compounding and an actual,BIB day count. This becomes with an actual/actual day count. It is faith continuous compounding. The forward rate is therefore with continuous compounding. Problem 6. 22. Explain Why the forward interest rate is less than the corresponding futures interest rate calculated from a Arteriolar futures contract. Suppose that the contracts apply to the interest rate between times and . There are two reasons for a difference between the forward rate and the futures rate. The first is that the futures contract is settled daily whereas the forward contract is settled once at time . The second is that without daily settlement a futures contract would be settled at time not . Both reasons tend to make the futures rate greater than the forward rate. Further Questions problem 6,23 The December Arteriolar futures contract is quoted as 98. 40 and a company Lana to borrow $8 million for three months starting in December at LABOR plus 0. 5%. (a) What rate can then company lock in by using the Arteriolar futures contract? (b) What position should the company take in the contracts? (c) Fifth actual three-month rate turns out to be 1. 3%, what is the final settlement price on the futures contracts, Ignore timing mismatches between the cash flows from the Arteriolar futures contract and interest rate cash flows. A) The company can lock in a 3-month rate of 100 98. 4=1. 60%. The rate it pays is therefore locked in at 1. 6 * O. S = 2. 1%. (b) The company should sell (i. . , short) 8 contracts. If rates increase, the futures quote goes down and the company gains on the futures. Similarly, if rates decrease, the futures quote goes up and the company loses on the futur es. (c) The final settlement price is 100 1. 30 = 98. 70. Problem 624 A Arteriolar futures quote for the period been 5. 1 and 5. 35 year in the future is 97. 1. The standard deviation of the change in the short. Term interest rate in one year is 1. %. Estimate the foamed interest rate in an FAR. The futures rate is 2. 9%. The foamed rate can be estimated using equation (6. 3) as 0. 029-0. 5* 0. 0142 0. 263 or 2. 63%. Problem 6,25 It is March 10, 2011. The cheapest-to-deliver bond in a December 2011 Treasury bond futures contract is an coupon bond, and delivery is expected to be made on December 31 31, 2011. Coupon payments on the bond are made on March I and September I each year _ The term structure is flat, and the rate of interest with continuous compounding is 5% per annum. The conversion factor for the bond is 1. 2191. The current quoted bond price is $137. Calculate the quoted futures price for the contract. The cash bond price is currently A coupon of a will be received after 1 75 days or 0. 795 years. The present value Of the coupon on the bond is e-C. Ox. 4795=3. SASS. The futures contract lasts 296 days or 0. 8110 years. The cash futures price it were written on the 8% bond would therefore be (137. 1957 3. 9053)e. Sox. 8110 -138. 8061 At delivery there are 121 days of accrued interest. The quoted futures if the contract were written on the 8% bond would therefore be The quoted price should therefore be problem 6. 6. Assume that a bank can borrow or lend money at the same interest rate in the LABOR market, The go-day rate is per annum, and the 180-day rate is 10. 2% re annum, both expressed with continuous compounding The Arteriolar futures price for a contract maturing in 91 days is quoted as 89,S, What arbitrage opportunities are open to the bank? The Arteriolar futures contract price of 83. 5 means that the Arteriolar futures rate is 108% per annum with quarterly compounding and an actual/360 day count This becomes with an actual/actual day count. This is or 1051 % with continuous compounding. The forward rate given by the 90-day rate and the 180-day rate is 10. 4% with continuous compounding. This suggests the following arbitrage opportunity: 1. Buy Arteriolar futures. 2. Borrow 180-day money. 3. Invest the borrowed money for 90 days. Problem 6. 27. A Canadian company wishes to create a Canadian LABOR futures contract from a U. S. Arteriolar futures contract and forward contracts on foreign exchange. Lasing an example, explain how the company should proceed. For the purposes of this problem, assume that a futures contract is the same as a forward contract. The U. S.

Religious Coursework

Religious Coursework Religious Coursework Religious Coursework Usually algorithm of religious coursework writing includes the following: The choice of religious coursework topics: Creation of the coursework outline. Collecting material for college coursework writing. Writing coursework draft. Making the necessary additions and changes. Final editing before turning in the coursework. Religious coursework writing is a self-study of the student, formulated in the form of a scientific work. Religious coursework writing is an essential part of the educational process. The purpose of college religious coursework is: firstly, to give the student an opportunity to conduct an independent scientific study, to deepen the knowledge of general religious course; secondly, to determine the student's ability to conduct scientific research. Coursework topic should be associated with the program studied at religious course. Topic may be assigned by the adviser as well as proposed by the student. Religious coursework contains the following main parts: introduction, theory, the results, discussion of the results, conclusions, and the recommendation. In the introduction you should, firstly, justify the need of the proposed study and, secondly, explain your interest and the value of selected coursework. It should provide answers to the questions: "What is already known about the problem? Who has already done something to solve the problem? What results were obtained prior to your research? With the help of what methods they were obtained? Clearly show what you are going to investigate, highlight "the main sector" of the issue, and clearly define the goal. Keep in mind that your reader might have a different interpretation of the problem and it is your responsibility to deliver the intended message. Show the methods you will use to solve the problem. Highlight strengths and weaknesses of the used methods, the complexity and difficulties of such coursework writing. Coursework Help Coursework writers should pay attention to style they use for writing coursework. The language of the English courseworkmust to be scientific, not conversational. At the same time, heavy and unusual verbal constructions are unlikely to give greater solidity to your writing. It is needless to recall that the college coursework should be written in accordance to assigned format. Once the coursework is written and turned in to the adviser, the work is not over yet because you would have to deliver a speech to protect your coursework. The procedure doesn;t contain anything terrible, you will have to tell few words about your English coursework (in fact - squeezing from introduction and conclusion). Here, the main thing is confidence, the ability to pick up the most important tings, clearly and concisely express your thoughts. .com We offer you an opportunity to benefit from professional religious coursework writing service at our site. We hire exceptionally experienced and educated writers who are confident in their writing abilities. We guarantee originality and timely delivery. Custom essay writing service is your chance to improve grades. Read also: Nursing School Admission Essay Custom Admission Essay College Entrance Essay Outline Application Essay Admission Essay Writing

Space Hazards as a Challenge to Astronauts

Space Hazards as a Challenge to Astronauts Introduction Space hazards refer to the events that take place beyond the surface of the earth and that may affect the health of an individual. The study of space is best understood under the subject of astronomy which explains what space is composed of as well as what can be done and what cannot be done in space. Astronauts are best positioned to operate in space since they have studied the universe and understand the risks and the benefits of the operations in space.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Space Hazards as a Challenge to Astronauts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various hazards that are associated with space which are mainly as a result of the events that are carried out in space. Aircrafts are the most common manmade objects in space as well as other objects that astronauts use in the space operations. Space hazards are mainly as a result of the effects of weather, radiation. Astronom y Astronomy refers to the â€Å"science that investigates the distribution, composition, physical state, movement and evolution of material in the universe beyond the earth’s surface† (Becker 1). The distribution of matter or energy includes its position, arrangement and frequency over a certain area in the universe or in the whole space. The composition of matter includes its chemical composition qualitatively and quantitatively. For instance, the qualitative composition of the sun includes hydrogen and helium while its quantitative composition includes the numerical or actual percentages of the substances that make it up i.e. the volume of the sun is made up of 95% hydrogen and 5% helium while its mass is made up of 78% hydrogen, 20% helium and 2% heavy metals (Becker 1). The physical state of the matter in the universe can either be in the form of â€Å"solid, liquid, gas or plasma† (Becker 1). On the other hand, the movement of material in space involves the ir positional change which mainly involves rotation and revolution. Finally, the evolution of matter in space refers to the theories that have been put across by scholars to explain the origin and the future of matter in the universe. Some of these theories include the steady state, the big bang and the oscillating universe (Becker 1). Space hazards Many space hazards occur in the universe every day and not only affect the objects operating directly in space but also technological processes on the surface of the earth such as communication, power grids and others (NASA 1). The effects of space hazards are so extreme since space is one of the most extreme environments imaginable with experiences of extreme temperature, extremely hot and extremely cold as well as threatening levels of radiation. These are the conditions that aircrafts are subjected to when they are operating above the insulating layer of the earth (Cain 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Launching is one of the extreme situations. The space craft is maintained in the space from the pull of gravity by the rocket which enables it to have enough mass and speed thus avoiding the pull of gravity from the much heavier objects near them (Jessa 3). While launching, this very â€Å"rocket shakes the air craft violently and batters it with extremely loud sound waves† (Cain 3). These phenomena are capable of shattering the delicate parts of the space craft thus causing space hazards (Cain 3). The extreme temperatures in space are again prone to causing space hazards on the objects operating in space like the aircrafts. Weather conditions vary extremely â€Å"temperatures in space go hundreds of degrees below the freezing point and hundreds of degrees up especially when the spacecrafts are near the sun† (Cain 6). Though there is no air in space, energy from the sun is transfe rred through radiation which when absorbed by the spacecrafts, it causes a lot of heating in objects that have such machines as computers that ought to operate under moderate temperatures. Though engineers have put effort to make spacecrafts models in such a manner that they have features that can withhold these conditions, this is not always the case as explained below (Cain 6). As we have seen earlier, energy in space is transferred through radiation either through â€Å"trapped and the transient types† (Cain 8). The trapped radiation is composed of sub atomic particles mainly the protons and the neutrons which are usually trapped by the earth magnetic field thus creating Van Allen radiation fields around the planet (Angelo 124). It has been noted that, â€Å"the transient radiation is mainly composed of protons and cosmic rays which constantly streams in space especially during magnetic storms on the sun† (Cain 8). The transient radiation can be so harmful in that w hen they collide with electronic circuit, they are capable of interfering with the content of memory, they can cause spurious flow of currents around the object or even burn out computer chips (Cain 8). Space hazards can also be caused by meteor showers. These refer to the little dust particles that make shooting stars visible to us while traveling through space. They are capable of sand blasting some useful large rays of the solar panels thus affecting their importance (Cain 15). A NASA-funded study carried out in January 2009 describes the consequences of solar eruptions on communication, power grids and other technology on the surface of the earth, the risks of extreme conditions in space as a result of magnetic activity on the sun and effects of extreme space weather (NASA 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Space Hazards as a Challenge to Astronauts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the stu dy, the sun is the most vital star on the surface of the earth but its contribution towards space hazards is adverse. Apart from â€Å"emitting a consistent stream of plasma, it often releases quite a large volume of tons of matter known as the coronal mass ejections† (NASA 5). The study further confirmed that space weather produces solar storm electromagnetic field which induces extreme currents on wire resulting to various adverse effects. Some of the most common effects of this induction on wires include power line disruptions which results to widespread blackouts and also disrupts communication cables that supports the internet. Extreme space weather produces solar energetic particles and causes dislocation of earth’s radiation belts. (NASA 5) These phenomena are capable of damaging satellites used for â€Å"commercial communications, global positioning and weather forecasting† (NASA 5). The modern advancement in technology did not mark the beginning of its problems with space weather since these problems were recorded since the nineteenth century when the telegraph was invented (NASA 5). The professor and director of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado really appreciated NASA efforts for beginning the extremely challenging task of investigating on space hazards in a quantitative way. This is because their impacts are equally as much as those of natural hazards on the earth’s surface and need not be ignored. Space travel health and safety issues For a long time, space travel has been associated with a lot of accidents and hazards thus leaving the activity to just a small number of highly trained and highly motivated individuals. The Apollo, an American space program, recorded three major hazards of space travel â€Å"1 Mission Fire of January 27, 1986, the Challenger accident of January 28, 1986 and the Colombia accident of February 1, 2003† (Angelo 123). These hazards have made space travel to be approached with a lot of consciousness such that it will remain a highly hazardous undertaking in now and in the near future, unless, something is done about it (Angelo 123). There are various health and safety issues concerning space travel some of which include:Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Launch abort, spaceflight and space based assembly and construction accidents, life support system failure, collisions of space vehicles and habitats with space debris and meteoroids, ionized radiation hazards, psychological stress due to strenuous living conditions and many others. (Angelo 124) The three major challenges that people living in space face are â€Å"the substantial acceleration and deceleration forces when leaving and returning to earth, living and working in weightless conditions for long periods of time and chronic exposure to space radiations† (Angelo 124). Astronauts and cosmonauts usually experience up to a maximum of six times acceleration as compared to that of the earth’s surface. These conditions result to some physical difficulties such as space adaptation syndrome, feelings of isolation and stress as well as post flight recovery problems. Microgravity or weightlessness results to bone calcium loss and though most of its other effects recover a few weeks after return to earth, this may take longer especially after a long duration space mission. Space travelers throughout circular and interplanetary are bombarded by galactic cosmic rays, which are very energetic atomic particles that contain protons, helium nuclei and heavy nuclei. These rays expose individuals to excess ionizing radiation doses as compared to the standards set for various space missions and occupations (Angelo 124). Mars expedition personnel and lunar surface base workers’ are prone to experiencing various psychological disorders, some of which include solipsism syndrome and shimanaghasi syndrome. Solipsism syndrome is a state of mind where a person feels like every occurrence is not real but a dream and is usually as a result of small space base or confined expedition vehicle. The shimanaghasi syndrome is a feeling of isolation where an individual feels left out even when life is comfortable; a situation which requires proper communication with th e earth and careful design of living quarters (Angelo 125). Conclusion Livings, traveling through space, working and other space missions have been quite challenging and are yet to be since the ever present dangers and hazards have not yet found a solution. However, there is a group of highly motivated and trained individuals who may continue enjoying the extraterrestrial lifestyle which outweighs any personal risks. Though space hazards have been a challenge to most astronauts, a few things can be put together to curb the challenge. First, most of the psychological and health issues related to the space hazards can be attended to medically. Angelo, Joseph. Encyclopedia of space and astronomy. New York. InfoBase Publishing, 2006. Print. Becker, Gary. Astronomy Survival Website. Astronomy, 1990. Web. Cain, Fraser. â€Å"Some of the Hazards in Space†,  2004. Web. Jessa, Tega. Orbit Universe Today, 2009. Web. NASA. New study reveals hazards of severe space weather. Astronomy, 2009. Web.

Wal_mart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wal_mart - Assignment Example Wal-Mart’s centralized approach and the amount of sales it makes every year gives it the power to act as leader in its channel. The network that Wal-Mart has built up over the years is the rationale for its powerful channeling. The service strategy at Wal-Mart is satisfying its customers and building long-term relationship with them through offering lowest prices for their goods. Wal-Mart is famous for its everyday low prices and has positioned itself as a giant in giving best buys as compared to its competitors. The intensive pricing chopping at Wal-Mart demands a strong and fierce distribution network. The retailer translates its strategy by having a strong network of distributors from all over the world. While importing can be a hassle for an ordinary retailer, it is a fast option for bringing low cost product in the local market for Wal-Mart. In order to keep up with lowest product prices Wal-Mart has been known to be very strict with its suppliers. This retailer is blamed to force its suppliers and influence them into packaging on Wal-Mart’s terms and conditions. The company is also known as looking at the accounts of their suppliers and forces them to cut their profits and charge low prices to Wal-Mart. Thus in order to keep up with its name and image of everyday low prices Wal-Mart’s information search goes from priority packaging to searching through the accounts of their

Grass Growth in the Presence of Salt Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grass Growth in the Presence of Salt - Lab Report Example Investigation of relevant literature reveals that grasses exposed to high levels of salt can suffer root damage, disease, and are less resistant to drought (Swift & Koski, 2007). Furthermore, studies have shown that as the salinity levels increased, root, shoot, stem, height, growth, and visual quality decreased in the grasses (Alvarez, 2006). It has also been noted that certain species of grasses are more resistant to salinity than other types of grass and can even flourish in salty waters (Vasques, 2006). The scientific method will be used to answer the question: Is grass growth inhibited by the presence of salt? Hypothesis: The saline levels present will have a direct effect on the growth rate of the grasses tested in that more salt will decrease the growth rates and less salt will allow the grasses to grow and flourish. Prediction: If the salt levels are increased then the growth of grass will decrease and vice versa. Controlled Experimental Method: To test the hypothesis, a cont rolled experiment will be conducted in the following manner: Two types of grasses are selected and cultivated under normal conditions in small pots for approximately three weeks to establish hearty seedlings. Each type of grass-Eragrostis Love grass and Miscanthus Adagio- are cultivated in four pots each. One pot of each type of grass will be used as a control and will not receive any salt. One pot of each type of grass will be watered in a solution that is 0.25% saline, 0.50% saline, and 0.75% saline. The plants will be grown for a total of 4 weeks (28 days) under test conditions and each plant of the eight plants will be watered every other day with the respective solutions. The soil will be tested weekly to determine the salinity levels of each plant and observations will be made daily to determine the quality of the plant. Measurements of the growth of each plant will be taken on a weekly basis and the data will be compiled and analyzed at the end of the 30 day experiment. The e ntire experiment and all variables will be redundant in case any of the plants experience unexpected complications or there should be the accidental introduction of an unforeseen variable. Results: The salinity levels and growth rates for the grasses are indicated (see Figure 1) as recorded each week. The predicted outcome was achieved and the hypothesis was proven correct. The saline levels had a direct effect on the growth rates of the grasses although the love grass proved to be a heartier species of grass and was less affected by the amounts of salt present. Figure 1- Growth Rates and Salinity Levels for sample Grasses WEEK 0 WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 Growth Salinity Growth Salinity Growth Salinity Growth Salinity Growth Salinity Control Love grass 8† 0 mmhos/cm 12† 0 mmhos/cm 13† 0 mmhos/cm 19† 0 mmhos/cm 22† 0 mmhos/cm Control Adagio 5† 0 mmhos/cm 8† 0 mmhos/cm 12† 0 mmhos/cm 15† 0 mmhos/cm 18† 0 mmhos/cm Love grass 0.25% 8† 0 mmhos/cm 11† 3 mmhos/cm 13.5† 5 mmhos/cm 17† 8 mmhos/cm 20† 10 mmhos/cm Adagio 0.25% 5† 0 mmhos/cm 8† 3 mmhos/cm 11† 5 mmhos/cm 13† 8 mmhos/cm 15† 10 mmhos/cm Love grass 0.50% 8† 0 mmhos/cm 9† 6 mmhos/cm 10† 10 mmhos/cm 11† 15 mmhos/cm 12† 18 mmhos/cm Adagio 0.50% 5† 0 mmhos/cm 7† 6 mmhos/cm 9† 10 mmhos/cm 11† 15 mmhos/cm 13† 18 mmhos/cm Love grass 0.75% 8† 0 mmhos/cm 8.75† 10 mmhos/cm 9† 16 mmhos/cm 10† 20 mmhos/cm 10.75† 24 mmhos/cm Adagio 0.75% 5† 0 mmhos/cm 6† 10 mmhos/cm 6.75† 16 mmhos/cm 7.5† 20 mmhos/cm 8.75† 24 mmhos/cm Conclusion: The results of this experimented has proven that the hypothesis can definitively be accepted. In addition, the supplementary information

Willy Russell portray serious issues Essay Example for Free

Willy Russell portray serious issues Essay He uses Standard English, but with a regional accent. So he fits into the social context of the play. His vocabulary is direct; this symbolises a direct message. His voice is also assertive but he doesnt show any emotion, which shows hes detached from whats going on. Hes dramatically effective because he is entwined in speech and action. The speech sequences between Linda and Mickey are interrupted by the narrator, which shows a dramatic presence. He comes at unexpected and dramatic times, which is engaging for the audience. The director also says shoes upon the table and gypsies in the wood this symbolises a warning and verbally foreshadows the rest of the play. The issue of superstition is portrayed in an entertaining way because the narrator is saying in between speeches. He is slightly menacing; this creates shock to the audience, which engages them. You could say that the narrator is seen like the devil. Comic devices are also used when there were adults dresses as children and they behave in an immature manner. The milkman being the gynaecologist also adds to the humour, from the quote actually Ive given up the milk round and gone into medicine. Im your gynaecologist. From this the audience would subconsciously see the issues in an entertaining way. The humorous language from quotes previously also build up the entertainment and adds to the comic devices they go together well in tandem. Mickey and Linda growing up has a humorous side to it because they deal with small problems, which are humorous. Mickey says I dont wanna die and Linda says But you have to Mickey. Everyone does. Like your twinny died. Mickey here is frightened that Sammy might kill him with a fake air pistol, but Linda calms Mickey down. But as they grow up we see a serious issue of it, like their baby, finances and trying to find a house. A lot of stress comes to Mickey and he says Now give me the tablets I need them, so I can be invisible from that we can see Mickey needs tablets because of the stress, but the last part makes it entertaining, its a sort of joke. There was also light romance between Mickey and Linda, she kept saying I love you Mickey, which was entertaining as Linda had said she loved him when they were children; the romance makes those serious issues between them seem entertaining. The music devices that Willey Russell used also make it entertaining and helps bring the characters to life on stage, the serious issues such as single parents and social class suddenly become entertaining because of these melodies. Willy Russell used music devices effectively to end Act 1 on a positive note. A quote to show this was, Were getting out. Were moving house, Were going away. Getting out today. Were moving movin movin house. The Johnstone had a lot of troubles up to that point, but they were finally moving to the countryside. The positive text and music contributes to the happy atmosphere, the chorus, Oh bright new day, were moving away, were startin all over again. Oh, bright new day, were going away, Where nobodys heard of our name, emphasises the importance of it and shows her happiness. The melody is an upbeat tune, the lyrics say that Oh bright new day, the constant repetition again emphasises the fact that the atmosphere is happy, so the issue of poverty and single parents are subconsciously portrayed in an entertaining way because of the music, melodies and positive text. The happy atmosphere also subconsciously makes the audience generate their expectations, that the next acts would be happy. Different types of songs are used to represent different parts of the play; there were ballads, Tell me its not true, say its just a story, something on the news, Tell me its not true, say its just a dream, for sad parts and lively songs, (from the previous quotes) for light-hearted aspects. The engaging songs and lyrics add to the drama because it is constantly enveloping with serious issues, which is entertaining, hence engaging for the audience. The themes of dancing, like, Oh we went dancing Edward, it was great and waltzing occurs throughout the play to go in tandem with the lively songs to add to the happy atmosphere again to portray the serious issues in an entertaining way. The end of the play deals with a lot of other serious issues in an entertaining approach. There is a lot of action and Mickey going crazy at the end, which is entertaining, this goes in tandem with the murders to portray it in an entertain way. The tension when Mickey was holding the gun also creates suspense for the audience and really engages them. The audience would subconsciously start the denotation to connotation process, as the gun connotes death and violence. Their expectations for the end of the play would be generated. The main issue of murder in the closing scene would be portrayed entertainingly because it was ironic that two twin brothers that were separated at birth eventually die on the same day. The author makes Mickey say You! Why didnt you give me away! I could have been. I could have been him! This shows that Mickey knows he could have been better off if he was in the higher-class family. Subsequently it shows that the Willy Russell thinks that it is class that caused the murder. The authors attitudes towards class are also revealed and justified in the narrators last speech. He trys to persuade the audience into thinking it was class because he stretches the last sentence Or could it be what we, the English come to know it as class? . He ends with a strong rhetorical question talking about class. This rhetorical question is cleverly used because it subconsciously makes us linger on the topic of class, and even be persuaded to think it was class that caused the murders. This reflects the attitudes of the author; he thinks that it was the different social classes mixing that caused the murders. His attitudes to social classes were high. He was concerned, that if people with a different social classes mix then it would spell trouble. In the play of Blood Brothers Willy Russell deals with a lot of serious issues in an entertaining way, this really engages the audience. He virtually engulfs all the serious issues with the entertainment and happy atmosphere, to portray them as entertaining. Our minds subconsciously think about the entertaining side of the issue rather than the serious side. The issues also add to the development of the play, poverty led to social class which eventually led to murder. However he trys to portray the issues in an entertaining way to engage the audience; it makes us feel and think about different aspects of the issues. Take social class for example, Mickey was brought up in a lower class family but probably had more enjoyment in his childhood than Edward. But Edward was not allowed much because of his parents. However when Mickey grew up he didnt have a good education and wasnt taught properly by his mother what was to do and not to do in life. These are different aspects of that issue, which were cleverly shown in an entertaining way by Willy Russell.

The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws Essay example -- Expository Exemp

The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws       Bicycle accidents have increased dramatically in the United States. About 500 American children and teenagers die each year in bicycle accidents, and three-quarters of those deaths come from head injuries (Jacques 1). Recent federal safety reports suggest that helmets can reduce the risk of head injury, but that only 4% of children under the age of ten wear helmets when bicycling. The percentage drops even more for young riders, particularly the rebellious 11- to 14-year-old age group. The younger generation often cites peer pressure, or the "nerd" factor, as the main reason for not wearing a helmet, and many adults say, "I did not wear one as a child, and I'm all right." Although states have been slow to mandate helmet laws because of such attitudes, I support development of bicycle laws. Mandatory helmet use for children under 16 will be effective in reducing head injuries, deaths, and medical insurance costs that affect us all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report by the federal safety agency confirms mandated helmet laws reduce the risk of head injuries when bicyclists are involved in an accident. The majority of fatal bicycle accidents involve collision with a motorized vehicle of some kind. According to Louis Jacques, Assistant Professor at Wayne State University, bicycle-associated injuries account for an estimated 600,000 emergency room visits yearly in the United States, and about half of the bicycle accidents are head trauma. However, the federal safety report shows that bicycle helmets can reduce this number of head injuries by 85 percent. Unfortunately, the report also confirms that the use of bicycle helmets remains low unless mandated by law (296). Despite the fact that helmets don't pre... ...ncreased helmet use, will not only reduce head injuries by 85 percent, reduce deaths, and save millions of dollars for families and taxpayers, but also will spare parents immeasurable anguish. Regardless of one's personal stand on the use of helmets, it can't hurt bicyclists to wear them; it can certainty help. Bicyclists should use their heads by putting helmets on them! Works Cited Baum, Bob. "Bicycle Injuries." The Seattle Times. 22 Oct. 2013: A1. Carnale, Jim. Personal Interview. 22 April 2013. Jacques, Louis "Cycling." Public Health Report. March 2014: 296-301. Pessah, Joseph. "Safe Cycling." Newsday. 20 Nov. 2014: 7-8. Sacks, Jeffrey. " How many Are Preventable." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3016-18. Weiss, Barry. "Bicycle helmets." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3032 -33.

John Locke Essay Essay

Our Earth has been the home to a multitude of great thinkers. These thinkers were scattered throughout the generations from the Romans all the way to the 20th century; however, the time period with the most philosophers was the Enlightenment Age. During this time there were many thinkers such as Voltaire and Thomas Hobbes. One thinker in particular who contributed a great deal to history was John Locke. His work is still influencing the lives of people across the world 300 years later. He rethought the moral role of government, created a new theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things made him the single most influential philosopher during the Enlightenment Age, and even in history. During the 1600s-1700s, John Locke lived on this earth, observing how society functioned. He saw thinks very differently than the average person. Unlike many others, he used logic and reason in order to see the flaws of government. The government at the time was incredibly corrupt and unfair to the people. Taxes made the lives of 98% of the population miserable and insufferable. Locke could even be considered a humanist for his actions. He felt the people deserved a fair government that served them as appose to the people serving the government. According to Locke, â€Å"political power is the natural power of each man collectively given up into the hands of a designated body†1. In a more general sense, he created the social contract. Most people recognize this theory as the social contract because it is an agreement between government and its people. All people are born with their natural rights. The idea of the social contract is a community surrenders some degree of its natural rights in favor of government, which is better able to protect those rights than any man could alone. Protection is one of the greatest services any government can provide. People will enjoy living under a certain ruler if he or she can keep them safe. The quality of life is generally much higher when there is no constant fear of attack from a neighbor. The idea of the government providing protection had been around before, but Locke included the idea that government exists solely for the well being of the community. He stressed to the people that any government that breaks the contract can and should be replaced. Gradually, people began to process this idea and realized that Locke was right. They were the ones that should have the power, not the government. The people were unhappy with the way they were being treated, but they did not know what to do about it so they continued suffering. Locke gave them an instruction manual by saying, â€Å"the community has a moral obligation to revolt against or otherwise replace any government that forgets that it exists only for the people’s benefit†2. This struck true to many people because they were unhappy. It also gave reason for the government to be reasonable and not do anything outrageous. More power was given to the people and the days of absolute rule would no longer exist. One of Locke’s other contributions that was considered revolutionary was creating a new way theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge was only gained through worldliness. He told people that experiences caused them to learn. One famous this he argued is that, â€Å"at birth the mind is a tabula rasa†3. Tabula rasa translates to â€Å"clean slate†. Essentially, everyone is born without knowledge and over time they become wiser and smarter. This was revolutionary because previously no one had every stopped to think about how knowledge was gained other than schooling. Locke was the first to think that people were born without any knowledge. He emphasized the five senses as well. Humans fill their clean slate with ideas and experience in the world through their five senses. There are many varying definitions of knowledge, but John Locke is the most accurate. Locke defines knowledge as â€Å"the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form†4. Since our knowledge is derived from our experiences, it means our knowledge is limited. Not everyone can know everything since not one single person can experience everything this earth has to offer in one lifetime. This also means that everyone’s knowledge varies and no two people have the same exact knowledge since everyone’s experiences are different. Locke also notes that there is a great deal of unknown on this world and there always will be. This observation still is true today because there is a great deal of uncertainty in today’s society. He is also still influential because he taught us to question those uncertain areas. As a continuation, he agrees that there are certain things that we are certain of. One example that Locke uses is the certainty of our own existence and the existence of God even tough we may not fully comprehend who or what he was5. Another very complex theory that he had relating to the idea of knowledge was our ideas are related to reality. He said that, â€Å"our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience†6. The idea of knowledge was vague but Locke defined it in a very detailed and simple way for the average person to comprehend. This idea that our ideas are relates to reality because our mind cannot invent things without experience caused people a greater understanding of how their mind worked and encouraged them to experience more in their lives. John Locke is known for many contributions to society but one of his most influential was his inception of reason. He thought that every person had a purpose in life and that was to find truth. In believing this he encouraged people that God gave us our capacity for reason to aid us in the search for truth. Since Lock believed in a clean mind at birth, he also believed that people were born innocent. Innocence in his mind is eventually inevitably lost trough experience. That innocence disappears and creates knowledge. Locke wanted people to understand and think for themselves rather than follow their leaders blindly. He also considered truthful that, â€Å"each person has a duty to preserve other people as well as himself †¦ recognizing the responsibility to preserve the rights of all humankind naturally leads to tolerance†7. This idea directly leads to his idea of separation of church and state. To him, government had absolutely no right to impose itself people. The fact of the matter was that the government and state were one body. This gave them significant power to do anything they pleased. Locke was one of the very first to question governments over oppression. All men control their bodies and their minds so no other individual should try and control it. Also how â€Å"men naturally exist in a state of nature and so he needs to answer only to the laws of nature†8. The majority of leaders at the time were extremely unhappy with how Locke was influencing the general public. Ironically, now many leaders such as the president of the United States follow many of his beliefs. Locke also influenced the American Constitution when his ideas reached over seas. Early Americans saw the power of his theories such as the social contract and more importantly using reason. People wanted to be granted the same friends and eventually received them. Henry Ford once said, â€Å"thinking is the hardest work there is and that is why so few engage in it†. This quote is why John Locke is the greatest thinker and philosopher of all time. He devoted his life to changing not only the way people thought, but how they viewed life forever. No man has had a greater impact that him. Locke rethought the moral role of government, created a new way theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things is simply what made him such an indelible man. Sources 1. Uzgalis, William, Uzgalis,. â€Å"John Locke. † Stanford University. Stanford University, 02 Sept. 2001. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. 2. Locke, John. The Second Treatise on Civil Government. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1986. Print. 3. Aaron, Richard I. John Locke. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Print. 4. Berlin, Isaiah. The Age of Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979. Print. 5. Locke, John, and John Locke. The Second Treatise of Government; And, A Letter concerning Toleration. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Del monte VPN architecture suggestion for assignment

Del Monte Organization Structure Diagram. Source: Dolente. Co. Z The business halogens: Provide role-based access to network resources for employees and business partners Reduce administrative and network costs Provide high-confidentiality for business information on the network Network requirements: Flexible and adaptive security appliance provides a variety of secure remote access Pre-configured telethon solution provides convenient voice and data networking for home workers VPN solution integrates with existing network systems to enforce access policies Del Monte Diagram VPN protocols and technologies VPN generally can handle three of these scenarios such as Remote access network, ranch office connection network, also business partner/supplier network or can be called as Extranet. Some of the VPN technologies are MILS, Pipes and GREG. Pipes is an evolve form from the IPPP development and is shorted of being finalized by the IETF. It is an open architecture for IP packet encryption and authentication, thus it is located in the network layer. One of the VPN authentications that have been around for some time is Generic Routing Encapsulation (GREG). â€Å"It was first developed by Cisco as a mean to carry other routed protocols across a predominantly IP network.Some outwork administrators tried to reduce the administrative overhead in the core of their networks by removing all protocols except IP as a transport. † (Pearson, n. D. ) Multiprocessor Label Switching (MILS) is a standard-based technology used to speed up the delivery of network packets over multiple protocols such as ‘P, ATM and Frame Relay network protocols. It would allow us some significant improvements, not the least of which was an increase in speed. Perhaps the most important to us at the time, though, was that each branch could directly connect to both WHQL locations without the need for an additional PVC. It also allows every branch to communicate directly with every other branc h without traversing the WHQL locations.This is important as if we were looking to implement a Poi solution. VPN service provider must have a network infrastructure that can support of integrating remote access directly into an MILS VPN network in order for it to provide a good scalable and complete end-to-end VPN service. The customers can be Sips or large enterprises that want to provide access to remote users but avoid the need for maintaining their own separate and expensive access network. Virtual Private Network (VPN) uses hared public telecoms infrastructure, such as the internet, to provide secure access to remote offices and users in a cheaper way than an owned or leased line.VPN are secure because they use tunneling protocols and procedures such as Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (LOTT) and Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). For this case in this assignment, I would suggest Pipes as the VPN technologies and authentication. This is the same as a basic concept that is bein g introduced by Security Association. The Job of AS is to make sure two or more entities secure when they are communicating with each other. Pipes itself has many options in providing security which includes encryption, integrity, and authenticity. For determining the Pipes security in details, both of Pipes peers must determine exactly which algorithm to use (e. : DES or DES for encryption, MAD or SHAH for integrity). Then continue with exchanging and sharing session keys. â€Å"An Pipes transform in Cisco ISO specifies either an AH or an ESP. protocol and its corresponding algorithms and mode. The Cisco Secure VPN Client uses the concept of security policies to specify the same parameters. † (Cisco Press, n. D. ) Network Solutions for Del Monte Major and required equipment and their significance Some important equipment that needed by the office are: Cisco AS 5500 series Adaptive Security Appliance Cisco MAC Appliance The Cisco MAC Appliance is a turnkey solution that conde nses the four MAC functions into one appliance.Some of MAC components are: Cisco NAS, Cisco NAME, Cisco ANA and Rule-set updates. MAC helps maintain network stability by providing authentication and authorization, posture assessment, quarantining of noncompliance systems and remediation of noncompliance systems. Cisco Secure ACS Cisco AS 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance is the best suit for Del Monte. This series provide advance firewall, compatible with the VPN architecture, Intrusion Prevention and content security all in single platform. It is also an industry-leading secure mobility technology for an organization. With its Suspect VPN edition, Del Monte offers employees a wide range of remote access options.An offside worker can set up a clientà ¨les VPN connection using a web browser without pre-installed software. And also, SSL technology that delivers secured access to network by establishing an encrypted tunnel across the internet. Some of the specific details of Cis co AS sass's features: Cisco Easy VPN This feature centralized the management of VPN deployments and helps reduce their complexity. Centralized the management is done by managing Pipes policies and push to the client device by the server. It also allows a remote end user to communicate using IP security with any Cisco ISO VPN gateway. VPN authentication The authentication is done with Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS).ACS is an access policy control platform that helps you comply with growing regulatory and corporate requirements. It is utilized for wireless infrastructure. This ACS helps improve productivity and contain costs. ACS works with VPN and other remote outwork access devices to enforce access policies. It also supports administrators' authentications, authorizes commands and provides an audit trail. Cisco Anecdote VPN Client LANA-like users can use it for the network connection optimization in a full tunnel client mode on a variety of end-user platforms. Customizab le SSL VPN and Pipes Services for Any Deployment Scenario Depending on the series of the AS 5500, PIPS SSP is built-in to help preventing the intrusion.The Cisco AS 5500 Series helps businesses increase effectiveness and efficiency in protecting their networks and applications while delivering exceptional investment retention through the Market-proven security capabilities, Extensible integrated service architecture, Reduced-deployment and operations costs also Comprehensive management interface. Company's ERP and CRM Cisco VPN actually integrates smoothly with Del Mote's existing network to give employees access only to the resources that they need. This meaner that VPN will make sure only the authorizes users can access to the certain parts of the network and company resources. ERP integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make enterprise-wide sessions by viewing enterprise-wide information on all business ope rations.Enterprise System Automate business process ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlate the data generating an enterprise-wide view to help run the business. Measuring ERP success There are several different departments in the company. Example, sales representative might need to access to Del Mote's data warehouse system (CRM) application to track a shipment. While finance organization need to access to ERP system, file sharing and administrative tools from their portal. So Cisco VPN makes ere that each department can only access to their own but not others. And yet IT professional might need access to everything on the network for troubleshooting or monitoring.Security To provide additional network security for remote employees, Del Monte can use the Cisco MAC appliance to enforce security policy compliance. It identifies the security policies before permitting those devices access to the network. Cisco MAC appliance is a network admission control tha t is designed by Cisco to produce a secure and clean network environment. Two Pipes Peers Using Active Directory-based Pipes Policy, Source: techno. Microsoft. Mom Pipes packet filtering Pipes has an ability to provide limited firewall capabilities for end systems by performing host-based packet filtering. It also can be configured to permit or block specific types of incase IP traffic based on source and destination address combinations and specific protocols and specific ports.While the security can be strengthen by using Pipes packet filtering to control exactly the type of communication that is allowed between systems. Filtering Packets by Using Pipes, Source: techno. Microsoft. Com Types of attacks Some of the possible attacks that can happen to VPN are: Brute force attacks and cautionary attacks. STEP attacks An STEP attack typically involves the creation of bogus root bridge. This can be accomplished using available software from the internet such as broccoli or step- packet. In this attack, Buds sent by the attacking host announce a lower bridge priority in an attempt to be elected as the root bridge, then the topology change Buds to force spanning-tree recalculations.If successful, the attacking host becomes the root bridge and sees a variety of frames that otherwise are not accessible. STEP attacks Brute force attack A cryptanalytic type of attack that is used against any encrypted data to guess the seer's surname and password. It is simply because this attack has a dictionary of commonly used passwords and cycle through those words until it gains access to the account. Brute force attack takes different variety times to complete as it is depending on the number of encryption size (64-bit, 128-bit or 256-bit). The higher number of the encryption, the longer time it is needed by Brute force to accomplish its attack.Dictionary attack A technique which is used by hacker to determine the decryption key of the authentication mechanism by trying it repeate dly until the real possibility is come UT. Basically, it is acting like a person who searches a keyword from a dictionary. Yet this attack only tries the best possibilities that are most likely to success. References: J. Charged and J. Pacer, MILS and VPN Architectures, 1st deed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2003. G. A. Donahue, Network Warrior, 2nd deed. Soapstone, CA: Reilly Media, 2011. J. Afraid and O. Santos, Cisco AS, 2nd deed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2010. O. Santos, End-to-end network security, USA-landslips, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2008. Pipes security. Retrieved from http://techno. Microsoft. Com

Free Essays on Cyber Criminals

A young teen calling himself â€Å"Mafiaboy† was arrested in Montreal, Canada early April of 2000. His crime? He was charged with at least one of the Denial-Of-Service (DoS) hacker attacks that blocked access to such popular sites as Yahoo!, Amazon, and eBay. –â€Å"Dembeck† Thirty years ago, a juvenile delinquent like â€Å"Mafiaboy† would be reduced to say, setting a mailbox on fire or some other adolescent prank. Now, with today’s technology, his â€Å"adolescent prank† disrupted world wide E-commerce and attracted massive media attention. Hackers like â€Å"Mafiaboy† are becoming more and more abundant these days, and are finding more innovative ways to accomplish their wide variety of goals. Their goal may be to send a virus to the computer of someone they dislike. Some of these â€Å"Cyber Criminals† hack into websites and destroy information, others hack into government or company computers, steal money and information, pirate software and more. There are many forms of computerized crime; most computer crime can be traced back to one common tool (besides a computer of course) the Internet. Yes, the same information super-highway that is used by millions of people everyday has become, to a hacker, nothing more than a gateway to easy, and thanks to up-to-date technology, relatively safe criminal mischief. The Internet is used for many good things, and is an irreplaceable tool for today’s world commerce, but thanks to cyber criminality, it is also a dangerous weapon that threatens that same commerce and even the security of the civilized world. There are about five main types of computerized crime. Illegal or offensive material is the first and one of the most common types. This is where the â€Å"criminal† posts illegal or offensive information or material on websites, netgroups, etc. Another common form of cyber crime is sending threatening or offensive e-mails. Sending ANY e-mail that appears to be threatening in nature, ... Free Essays on Cyber Criminals Free Essays on Cyber Criminals A young teen calling himself â€Å"Mafiaboy† was arrested in Montreal, Canada early April of 2000. His crime? He was charged with at least one of the Denial-Of-Service (DoS) hacker attacks that blocked access to such popular sites as Yahoo!, Amazon, and eBay. –â€Å"Dembeck† Thirty years ago, a juvenile delinquent like â€Å"Mafiaboy† would be reduced to say, setting a mailbox on fire or some other adolescent prank. Now, with today’s technology, his â€Å"adolescent prank† disrupted world wide E-commerce and attracted massive media attention. Hackers like â€Å"Mafiaboy† are becoming more and more abundant these days, and are finding more innovative ways to accomplish their wide variety of goals. Their goal may be to send a virus to the computer of someone they dislike. Some of these â€Å"Cyber Criminals† hack into websites and destroy information, others hack into government or company computers, steal money and information, pirate software and more. There are many forms of computerized crime; most computer crime can be traced back to one common tool (besides a computer of course) the Internet. Yes, the same information super-highway that is used by millions of people everyday has become, to a hacker, nothing more than a gateway to easy, and thanks to up-to-date technology, relatively safe criminal mischief. The Internet is used for many good things, and is an irreplaceable tool for today’s world commerce, but thanks to cyber criminality, it is also a dangerous weapon that threatens that same commerce and even the security of the civilized world. There are about five main types of computerized crime. Illegal or offensive material is the first and one of the most common types. This is where the â€Å"criminal† posts illegal or offensive information or material on websites, netgroups, etc. Another common form of cyber crime is sending threatening or offensive e-mails. Sending ANY e-mail that appears to be threatening in nature, ...

Specific Heat Capacity Definition

Specific Heat Capacity Definition Specific Heat Capacity Definition Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance per unit of mass. The specific heat capacity of a material is a physical property. It is also an example of an extensive property since its value is proportional to the size of the system being examined.In ​SI units, specific heat capacity (symbol: c) is the amount of heat in joules required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 Kelvin.   It may also be expressed as J/kg ·K. Specific heat capacity may be reported in the units of calories per gram degree Celsius, too. Related values are molar heat capacity, expressed in J/mol ·K, and volumetric heat capacity, given in J/m3 ·K. Heat capacity is defined as the ratio of the amount of energy transferred to a material and the change in temperature that is produced: C Q / ΔT where C is heat capacity, Q is energy (usually expressed in joules), and ΔT is the change in temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or in Kelvin). Alternatively, the equation may be written: Q CmΔT Specific heat and heat capacity are related by mass: C m * S Where C is heat capacity, m is mass of a material, and S is specific heat. Note that since specific heat is per unit mass, its value does not change, no matter the size of the sample. So, the specific heat of a gallon of water is the same as the specific heat of a drop of water. Its important to note the relationship between added heat, specific heat, mass, and temperature change does not apply during a phase change. The reason for this is because heat that is added or removed in a phase change does not alter the temperature. Also Known As: specific heat, mass specific heat, thermal capacity Specific Heat Capacity Examples Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J (or 1 calorie/gram  °C). This is a much higher value than that of most other substances, which makes water exceptionally good at regulating temperature. In contrast, copper has a specific heat capacity of 0.39 J. Table of Common Specific Heats and Heat Capacities This chart of specific heat and heat capacity values should help you get a better sense of the types of materials that readily conduct heat versus those which do not. As you might expect, metals have relatively low specific heats. Material Specific Heat(J/gC) Heat Capacity(J/C for 100 g) gold 0.129 12.9 mercury 0.140 14.0 copper 0.385 38.5 iron 0.450 45.0 salt (Nacl) 0.864 86.4 aluminum 0.902 90.2 air 1.01 101 ice 2.03 203 water 4.179 417.9 Sources Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2013).  Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley. p.  524.Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley Sons. p. 141. ISBN 0-471-41526-X.Laider, Keith J. (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855919-4.unus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles (2010). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (7th Edition). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007-352932-X.

Drinking ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drinking ages - Essay Example These laws encompass an extensive range of actions and issues associated with alcohol consumption; they clearly indicate when and where alcohol can be imbibed. However, the legal age for consumption of alcohol can be different from the legal age for purchasing of alcohol (Kindelberger 197). Furthermore, these laws are variable among different countries and many laws have room for exemptions under special circumstances; and most laws only restrict the imbibing of alcohol in public places, with no imposition of restriction on alcohol consumed at home. Many countries have different age restrictions for different kinds of alcoholic beverages. The United Kingdom is the only country that has set a minimum age restriction for imbibing alcohol at home. Whereas, in some countries minors are not restricted to consume alcohol, but the alcohol can be seized, and some restrict selling of alcohol to minors. Although the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 clearly specified that individuals of 21 years of age or older are allowed to purchase and consume alcohol, there have been intermittent debates whether the drinking age should be 21 or be lowered to 18. Scientists supporting either side come with substantial evidence. However, popular sentiment tells that there are more people supporting the legal drinking age of 21 than those supporting 18 years of age. The arguments from both sides are primarily centered on adults of age 18-21, and college and university students (Kiesbye 57). A large number of college and university officials have sparked debates that current alcohol drinking laws have poorly failed; that instead of drawing students away from alcohol, they have simply forced students to take underage drinking in secrecy toward dangerous extremes, and it has established a wide-spread culture of clandestine drinking among young adults,