The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws Essay example -- Expository Exemp

The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws       Bicycle accidents have increased dramatically in the United States. About 500 American children and teenagers die each year in bicycle accidents, and three-quarters of those deaths come from head injuries (Jacques 1). Recent federal safety reports suggest that helmets can reduce the risk of head injury, but that only 4% of children under the age of ten wear helmets when bicycling. The percentage drops even more for young riders, particularly the rebellious 11- to 14-year-old age group. The younger generation often cites peer pressure, or the "nerd" factor, as the main reason for not wearing a helmet, and many adults say, "I did not wear one as a child, and I'm all right." Although states have been slow to mandate helmet laws because of such attitudes, I support development of bicycle laws. Mandatory helmet use for children under 16 will be effective in reducing head injuries, deaths, and medical insurance costs that affect us all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report by the federal safety agency confirms mandated helmet laws reduce the risk of head injuries when bicyclists are involved in an accident. The majority of fatal bicycle accidents involve collision with a motorized vehicle of some kind. According to Louis Jacques, Assistant Professor at Wayne State University, bicycle-associated injuries account for an estimated 600,000 emergency room visits yearly in the United States, and about half of the bicycle accidents are head trauma. However, the federal safety report shows that bicycle helmets can reduce this number of head injuries by 85 percent. Unfortunately, the report also confirms that the use of bicycle helmets remains low unless mandated by law (296). Despite the fact that helmets don't pre... ...ncreased helmet use, will not only reduce head injuries by 85 percent, reduce deaths, and save millions of dollars for families and taxpayers, but also will spare parents immeasurable anguish. Regardless of one's personal stand on the use of helmets, it can't hurt bicyclists to wear them; it can certainty help. Bicyclists should use their heads by putting helmets on them! Works Cited Baum, Bob. "Bicycle Injuries." The Seattle Times. 22 Oct. 2013: A1. Carnale, Jim. Personal Interview. 22 April 2013. Jacques, Louis "Cycling." Public Health Report. March 2014: 296-301. Pessah, Joseph. "Safe Cycling." Newsday. 20 Nov. 2014: 7-8. Sacks, Jeffrey. " How many Are Preventable." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3016-18. Weiss, Barry. "Bicycle helmets." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3032 -33.

John Locke Essay Essay

Our Earth has been the home to a multitude of great thinkers. These thinkers were scattered throughout the generations from the Romans all the way to the 20th century; however, the time period with the most philosophers was the Enlightenment Age. During this time there were many thinkers such as Voltaire and Thomas Hobbes. One thinker in particular who contributed a great deal to history was John Locke. His work is still influencing the lives of people across the world 300 years later. He rethought the moral role of government, created a new theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things made him the single most influential philosopher during the Enlightenment Age, and even in history. During the 1600s-1700s, John Locke lived on this earth, observing how society functioned. He saw thinks very differently than the average person. Unlike many others, he used logic and reason in order to see the flaws of government. The government at the time was incredibly corrupt and unfair to the people. Taxes made the lives of 98% of the population miserable and insufferable. Locke could even be considered a humanist for his actions. He felt the people deserved a fair government that served them as appose to the people serving the government. According to Locke, â€Å"political power is the natural power of each man collectively given up into the hands of a designated body†1. In a more general sense, he created the social contract. Most people recognize this theory as the social contract because it is an agreement between government and its people. All people are born with their natural rights. The idea of the social contract is a community surrenders some degree of its natural rights in favor of government, which is better able to protect those rights than any man could alone. Protection is one of the greatest services any government can provide. People will enjoy living under a certain ruler if he or she can keep them safe. The quality of life is generally much higher when there is no constant fear of attack from a neighbor. The idea of the government providing protection had been around before, but Locke included the idea that government exists solely for the well being of the community. He stressed to the people that any government that breaks the contract can and should be replaced. Gradually, people began to process this idea and realized that Locke was right. They were the ones that should have the power, not the government. The people were unhappy with the way they were being treated, but they did not know what to do about it so they continued suffering. Locke gave them an instruction manual by saying, â€Å"the community has a moral obligation to revolt against or otherwise replace any government that forgets that it exists only for the people’s benefit†2. This struck true to many people because they were unhappy. It also gave reason for the government to be reasonable and not do anything outrageous. More power was given to the people and the days of absolute rule would no longer exist. One of Locke’s other contributions that was considered revolutionary was creating a new way theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge was only gained through worldliness. He told people that experiences caused them to learn. One famous this he argued is that, â€Å"at birth the mind is a tabula rasa†3. Tabula rasa translates to â€Å"clean slate†. Essentially, everyone is born without knowledge and over time they become wiser and smarter. This was revolutionary because previously no one had every stopped to think about how knowledge was gained other than schooling. Locke was the first to think that people were born without any knowledge. He emphasized the five senses as well. Humans fill their clean slate with ideas and experience in the world through their five senses. There are many varying definitions of knowledge, but John Locke is the most accurate. Locke defines knowledge as â€Å"the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form†4. Since our knowledge is derived from our experiences, it means our knowledge is limited. Not everyone can know everything since not one single person can experience everything this earth has to offer in one lifetime. This also means that everyone’s knowledge varies and no two people have the same exact knowledge since everyone’s experiences are different. Locke also notes that there is a great deal of unknown on this world and there always will be. This observation still is true today because there is a great deal of uncertainty in today’s society. He is also still influential because he taught us to question those uncertain areas. As a continuation, he agrees that there are certain things that we are certain of. One example that Locke uses is the certainty of our own existence and the existence of God even tough we may not fully comprehend who or what he was5. Another very complex theory that he had relating to the idea of knowledge was our ideas are related to reality. He said that, â€Å"our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience†6. The idea of knowledge was vague but Locke defined it in a very detailed and simple way for the average person to comprehend. This idea that our ideas are relates to reality because our mind cannot invent things without experience caused people a greater understanding of how their mind worked and encouraged them to experience more in their lives. John Locke is known for many contributions to society but one of his most influential was his inception of reason. He thought that every person had a purpose in life and that was to find truth. In believing this he encouraged people that God gave us our capacity for reason to aid us in the search for truth. Since Lock believed in a clean mind at birth, he also believed that people were born innocent. Innocence in his mind is eventually inevitably lost trough experience. That innocence disappears and creates knowledge. Locke wanted people to understand and think for themselves rather than follow their leaders blindly. He also considered truthful that, â€Å"each person has a duty to preserve other people as well as himself †¦ recognizing the responsibility to preserve the rights of all humankind naturally leads to tolerance†7. This idea directly leads to his idea of separation of church and state. To him, government had absolutely no right to impose itself people. The fact of the matter was that the government and state were one body. This gave them significant power to do anything they pleased. Locke was one of the very first to question governments over oppression. All men control their bodies and their minds so no other individual should try and control it. Also how â€Å"men naturally exist in a state of nature and so he needs to answer only to the laws of nature†8. The majority of leaders at the time were extremely unhappy with how Locke was influencing the general public. Ironically, now many leaders such as the president of the United States follow many of his beliefs. Locke also influenced the American Constitution when his ideas reached over seas. Early Americans saw the power of his theories such as the social contract and more importantly using reason. People wanted to be granted the same friends and eventually received them. Henry Ford once said, â€Å"thinking is the hardest work there is and that is why so few engage in it†. This quote is why John Locke is the greatest thinker and philosopher of all time. He devoted his life to changing not only the way people thought, but how they viewed life forever. No man has had a greater impact that him. Locke rethought the moral role of government, created a new way theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things is simply what made him such an indelible man. Sources 1. Uzgalis, William, Uzgalis,. â€Å"John Locke. † Stanford University. Stanford University, 02 Sept. 2001. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. 2. Locke, John. The Second Treatise on Civil Government. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1986. Print. 3. Aaron, Richard I. John Locke. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Print. 4. Berlin, Isaiah. The Age of Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979. Print. 5. Locke, John, and John Locke. The Second Treatise of Government; And, A Letter concerning Toleration. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Del monte VPN architecture suggestion for assignment

Del Monte Organization Structure Diagram. Source: Dolente. Co. Z The business halogens: Provide role-based access to network resources for employees and business partners Reduce administrative and network costs Provide high-confidentiality for business information on the network Network requirements: Flexible and adaptive security appliance provides a variety of secure remote access Pre-configured telethon solution provides convenient voice and data networking for home workers VPN solution integrates with existing network systems to enforce access policies Del Monte Diagram VPN protocols and technologies VPN generally can handle three of these scenarios such as Remote access network, ranch office connection network, also business partner/supplier network or can be called as Extranet. Some of the VPN technologies are MILS, Pipes and GREG. Pipes is an evolve form from the IPPP development and is shorted of being finalized by the IETF. It is an open architecture for IP packet encryption and authentication, thus it is located in the network layer. One of the VPN authentications that have been around for some time is Generic Routing Encapsulation (GREG). â€Å"It was first developed by Cisco as a mean to carry other routed protocols across a predominantly IP network.Some outwork administrators tried to reduce the administrative overhead in the core of their networks by removing all protocols except IP as a transport. † (Pearson, n. D. ) Multiprocessor Label Switching (MILS) is a standard-based technology used to speed up the delivery of network packets over multiple protocols such as ‘P, ATM and Frame Relay network protocols. It would allow us some significant improvements, not the least of which was an increase in speed. Perhaps the most important to us at the time, though, was that each branch could directly connect to both WHQL locations without the need for an additional PVC. It also allows every branch to communicate directly with every other branc h without traversing the WHQL locations.This is important as if we were looking to implement a Poi solution. VPN service provider must have a network infrastructure that can support of integrating remote access directly into an MILS VPN network in order for it to provide a good scalable and complete end-to-end VPN service. The customers can be Sips or large enterprises that want to provide access to remote users but avoid the need for maintaining their own separate and expensive access network. Virtual Private Network (VPN) uses hared public telecoms infrastructure, such as the internet, to provide secure access to remote offices and users in a cheaper way than an owned or leased line.VPN are secure because they use tunneling protocols and procedures such as Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (LOTT) and Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). For this case in this assignment, I would suggest Pipes as the VPN technologies and authentication. This is the same as a basic concept that is bein g introduced by Security Association. The Job of AS is to make sure two or more entities secure when they are communicating with each other. Pipes itself has many options in providing security which includes encryption, integrity, and authenticity. For determining the Pipes security in details, both of Pipes peers must determine exactly which algorithm to use (e. : DES or DES for encryption, MAD or SHAH for integrity). Then continue with exchanging and sharing session keys. â€Å"An Pipes transform in Cisco ISO specifies either an AH or an ESP. protocol and its corresponding algorithms and mode. The Cisco Secure VPN Client uses the concept of security policies to specify the same parameters. † (Cisco Press, n. D. ) Network Solutions for Del Monte Major and required equipment and their significance Some important equipment that needed by the office are: Cisco AS 5500 series Adaptive Security Appliance Cisco MAC Appliance The Cisco MAC Appliance is a turnkey solution that conde nses the four MAC functions into one appliance.Some of MAC components are: Cisco NAS, Cisco NAME, Cisco ANA and Rule-set updates. MAC helps maintain network stability by providing authentication and authorization, posture assessment, quarantining of noncompliance systems and remediation of noncompliance systems. Cisco Secure ACS Cisco AS 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance is the best suit for Del Monte. This series provide advance firewall, compatible with the VPN architecture, Intrusion Prevention and content security all in single platform. It is also an industry-leading secure mobility technology for an organization. With its Suspect VPN edition, Del Monte offers employees a wide range of remote access options.An offside worker can set up a clientà ¨les VPN connection using a web browser without pre-installed software. And also, SSL technology that delivers secured access to network by establishing an encrypted tunnel across the internet. Some of the specific details of Cis co AS sass's features: Cisco Easy VPN This feature centralized the management of VPN deployments and helps reduce their complexity. Centralized the management is done by managing Pipes policies and push to the client device by the server. It also allows a remote end user to communicate using IP security with any Cisco ISO VPN gateway. VPN authentication The authentication is done with Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS).ACS is an access policy control platform that helps you comply with growing regulatory and corporate requirements. It is utilized for wireless infrastructure. This ACS helps improve productivity and contain costs. ACS works with VPN and other remote outwork access devices to enforce access policies. It also supports administrators' authentications, authorizes commands and provides an audit trail. Cisco Anecdote VPN Client LANA-like users can use it for the network connection optimization in a full tunnel client mode on a variety of end-user platforms. Customizab le SSL VPN and Pipes Services for Any Deployment Scenario Depending on the series of the AS 5500, PIPS SSP is built-in to help preventing the intrusion.The Cisco AS 5500 Series helps businesses increase effectiveness and efficiency in protecting their networks and applications while delivering exceptional investment retention through the Market-proven security capabilities, Extensible integrated service architecture, Reduced-deployment and operations costs also Comprehensive management interface. Company's ERP and CRM Cisco VPN actually integrates smoothly with Del Mote's existing network to give employees access only to the resources that they need. This meaner that VPN will make sure only the authorizes users can access to the certain parts of the network and company resources. ERP integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make enterprise-wide sessions by viewing enterprise-wide information on all business ope rations.Enterprise System Automate business process ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlate the data generating an enterprise-wide view to help run the business. Measuring ERP success There are several different departments in the company. Example, sales representative might need to access to Del Mote's data warehouse system (CRM) application to track a shipment. While finance organization need to access to ERP system, file sharing and administrative tools from their portal. So Cisco VPN makes ere that each department can only access to their own but not others. And yet IT professional might need access to everything on the network for troubleshooting or monitoring.Security To provide additional network security for remote employees, Del Monte can use the Cisco MAC appliance to enforce security policy compliance. It identifies the security policies before permitting those devices access to the network. Cisco MAC appliance is a network admission control tha t is designed by Cisco to produce a secure and clean network environment. Two Pipes Peers Using Active Directory-based Pipes Policy, Source: techno. Microsoft. Mom Pipes packet filtering Pipes has an ability to provide limited firewall capabilities for end systems by performing host-based packet filtering. It also can be configured to permit or block specific types of incase IP traffic based on source and destination address combinations and specific protocols and specific ports.While the security can be strengthen by using Pipes packet filtering to control exactly the type of communication that is allowed between systems. Filtering Packets by Using Pipes, Source: techno. Microsoft. Com Types of attacks Some of the possible attacks that can happen to VPN are: Brute force attacks and cautionary attacks. STEP attacks An STEP attack typically involves the creation of bogus root bridge. This can be accomplished using available software from the internet such as broccoli or step- packet. In this attack, Buds sent by the attacking host announce a lower bridge priority in an attempt to be elected as the root bridge, then the topology change Buds to force spanning-tree recalculations.If successful, the attacking host becomes the root bridge and sees a variety of frames that otherwise are not accessible. STEP attacks Brute force attack A cryptanalytic type of attack that is used against any encrypted data to guess the seer's surname and password. It is simply because this attack has a dictionary of commonly used passwords and cycle through those words until it gains access to the account. Brute force attack takes different variety times to complete as it is depending on the number of encryption size (64-bit, 128-bit or 256-bit). The higher number of the encryption, the longer time it is needed by Brute force to accomplish its attack.Dictionary attack A technique which is used by hacker to determine the decryption key of the authentication mechanism by trying it repeate dly until the real possibility is come UT. Basically, it is acting like a person who searches a keyword from a dictionary. Yet this attack only tries the best possibilities that are most likely to success. References: J. Charged and J. Pacer, MILS and VPN Architectures, 1st deed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2003. G. A. Donahue, Network Warrior, 2nd deed. Soapstone, CA: Reilly Media, 2011. J. Afraid and O. Santos, Cisco AS, 2nd deed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2010. O. Santos, End-to-end network security, USA-landslips, IN: Cisco System, Inc. , 2008. Pipes security. Retrieved from http://techno. Microsoft. Com

Free Essays on Cyber Criminals

A young teen calling himself â€Å"Mafiaboy† was arrested in Montreal, Canada early April of 2000. His crime? He was charged with at least one of the Denial-Of-Service (DoS) hacker attacks that blocked access to such popular sites as Yahoo!, Amazon, and eBay. –â€Å"Dembeck† Thirty years ago, a juvenile delinquent like â€Å"Mafiaboy† would be reduced to say, setting a mailbox on fire or some other adolescent prank. Now, with today’s technology, his â€Å"adolescent prank† disrupted world wide E-commerce and attracted massive media attention. Hackers like â€Å"Mafiaboy† are becoming more and more abundant these days, and are finding more innovative ways to accomplish their wide variety of goals. Their goal may be to send a virus to the computer of someone they dislike. Some of these â€Å"Cyber Criminals† hack into websites and destroy information, others hack into government or company computers, steal money and information, pirate software and more. There are many forms of computerized crime; most computer crime can be traced back to one common tool (besides a computer of course) the Internet. Yes, the same information super-highway that is used by millions of people everyday has become, to a hacker, nothing more than a gateway to easy, and thanks to up-to-date technology, relatively safe criminal mischief. The Internet is used for many good things, and is an irreplaceable tool for today’s world commerce, but thanks to cyber criminality, it is also a dangerous weapon that threatens that same commerce and even the security of the civilized world. There are about five main types of computerized crime. Illegal or offensive material is the first and one of the most common types. This is where the â€Å"criminal† posts illegal or offensive information or material on websites, netgroups, etc. Another common form of cyber crime is sending threatening or offensive e-mails. Sending ANY e-mail that appears to be threatening in nature, ... Free Essays on Cyber Criminals Free Essays on Cyber Criminals A young teen calling himself â€Å"Mafiaboy† was arrested in Montreal, Canada early April of 2000. His crime? He was charged with at least one of the Denial-Of-Service (DoS) hacker attacks that blocked access to such popular sites as Yahoo!, Amazon, and eBay. –â€Å"Dembeck† Thirty years ago, a juvenile delinquent like â€Å"Mafiaboy† would be reduced to say, setting a mailbox on fire or some other adolescent prank. Now, with today’s technology, his â€Å"adolescent prank† disrupted world wide E-commerce and attracted massive media attention. Hackers like â€Å"Mafiaboy† are becoming more and more abundant these days, and are finding more innovative ways to accomplish their wide variety of goals. Their goal may be to send a virus to the computer of someone they dislike. Some of these â€Å"Cyber Criminals† hack into websites and destroy information, others hack into government or company computers, steal money and information, pirate software and more. There are many forms of computerized crime; most computer crime can be traced back to one common tool (besides a computer of course) the Internet. Yes, the same information super-highway that is used by millions of people everyday has become, to a hacker, nothing more than a gateway to easy, and thanks to up-to-date technology, relatively safe criminal mischief. The Internet is used for many good things, and is an irreplaceable tool for today’s world commerce, but thanks to cyber criminality, it is also a dangerous weapon that threatens that same commerce and even the security of the civilized world. There are about five main types of computerized crime. Illegal or offensive material is the first and one of the most common types. This is where the â€Å"criminal† posts illegal or offensive information or material on websites, netgroups, etc. Another common form of cyber crime is sending threatening or offensive e-mails. Sending ANY e-mail that appears to be threatening in nature, ...

Specific Heat Capacity Definition

Specific Heat Capacity Definition Specific Heat Capacity Definition Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance per unit of mass. The specific heat capacity of a material is a physical property. It is also an example of an extensive property since its value is proportional to the size of the system being examined.In ​SI units, specific heat capacity (symbol: c) is the amount of heat in joules required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 Kelvin.   It may also be expressed as J/kg ·K. Specific heat capacity may be reported in the units of calories per gram degree Celsius, too. Related values are molar heat capacity, expressed in J/mol ·K, and volumetric heat capacity, given in J/m3 ·K. Heat capacity is defined as the ratio of the amount of energy transferred to a material and the change in temperature that is produced: C Q / ΔT where C is heat capacity, Q is energy (usually expressed in joules), and ΔT is the change in temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or in Kelvin). Alternatively, the equation may be written: Q CmΔT Specific heat and heat capacity are related by mass: C m * S Where C is heat capacity, m is mass of a material, and S is specific heat. Note that since specific heat is per unit mass, its value does not change, no matter the size of the sample. So, the specific heat of a gallon of water is the same as the specific heat of a drop of water. Its important to note the relationship between added heat, specific heat, mass, and temperature change does not apply during a phase change. The reason for this is because heat that is added or removed in a phase change does not alter the temperature. Also Known As: specific heat, mass specific heat, thermal capacity Specific Heat Capacity Examples Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J (or 1 calorie/gram  °C). This is a much higher value than that of most other substances, which makes water exceptionally good at regulating temperature. In contrast, copper has a specific heat capacity of 0.39 J. Table of Common Specific Heats and Heat Capacities This chart of specific heat and heat capacity values should help you get a better sense of the types of materials that readily conduct heat versus those which do not. As you might expect, metals have relatively low specific heats. Material Specific Heat(J/gC) Heat Capacity(J/C for 100 g) gold 0.129 12.9 mercury 0.140 14.0 copper 0.385 38.5 iron 0.450 45.0 salt (Nacl) 0.864 86.4 aluminum 0.902 90.2 air 1.01 101 ice 2.03 203 water 4.179 417.9 Sources Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2013).  Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley. p.  524.Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley Sons. p. 141. ISBN 0-471-41526-X.Laider, Keith J. (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855919-4.unus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles (2010). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (7th Edition). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007-352932-X.

Drinking ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drinking ages - Essay Example These laws encompass an extensive range of actions and issues associated with alcohol consumption; they clearly indicate when and where alcohol can be imbibed. However, the legal age for consumption of alcohol can be different from the legal age for purchasing of alcohol (Kindelberger 197). Furthermore, these laws are variable among different countries and many laws have room for exemptions under special circumstances; and most laws only restrict the imbibing of alcohol in public places, with no imposition of restriction on alcohol consumed at home. Many countries have different age restrictions for different kinds of alcoholic beverages. The United Kingdom is the only country that has set a minimum age restriction for imbibing alcohol at home. Whereas, in some countries minors are not restricted to consume alcohol, but the alcohol can be seized, and some restrict selling of alcohol to minors. Although the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 clearly specified that individuals of 21 years of age or older are allowed to purchase and consume alcohol, there have been intermittent debates whether the drinking age should be 21 or be lowered to 18. Scientists supporting either side come with substantial evidence. However, popular sentiment tells that there are more people supporting the legal drinking age of 21 than those supporting 18 years of age. The arguments from both sides are primarily centered on adults of age 18-21, and college and university students (Kiesbye 57). A large number of college and university officials have sparked debates that current alcohol drinking laws have poorly failed; that instead of drawing students away from alcohol, they have simply forced students to take underage drinking in secrecy toward dangerous extremes, and it has established a wide-spread culture of clandestine drinking among young adults,

Self. Consciousness and awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self. Consciousness and awareness - Essay Example ?a thinking intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider it self as it self, the same thinking thing in different times and places† (Locke, 9). Locke states that as far as the consciousness can be extended to some past action or thought, so far can the identity of the person reach – therefore he correlates identity of a person with his consciousness. It is clear that John Locke makes a distinction between body and consciousness (â€Å"a man† and â€Å"a person†). For him these two notions are not the same. Man accounts for body and spirit, and person accounts for reason and reflection. Locke says that if a person would remember some things from his past, he would not be the same person, but nevertheless can be the same man. A big role is played by memory in Locke’s idea of personal identity. To explain his theory about separation of man and person, Locke gives a few examples. He states, for example, that if a prince and a cobbler would change bodies than a personal identity would be where the consciousness is. Another example is if Heliogabalus would turn into a pig, he would be the same person, but not a man. If a parrot holds rational, self-aware conversations, then he is a person, but not a man. These examples confirm Locke’s theory on separation of body and self. (Locke, 8, 15) Locke believes that if the body dies, the self is transferred into a new body, but it remains the same self, and therefore – the same identity, because identity, according to Locke, is independent of body. Locke does not identify consciousness with substance. He gives an example of a hand, being cut off the body. At that point, it becomes separate from the body, the substance of the body has changed (it does not have one hand anymore), but the consciousness did not change, and this is the same person (Locke, 11) John Locke states that consciousness unites actions into the same person. It is consciousness that unites actions different in time into the